Maternal Vaccination in Argentina: Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Effectiveness During Pregnancy in Preventing Pertussis in Infants <2 Months of Age.

BACKGROUND: In 2011, Argentina experienced its highest pertussis incidence and mortality rates of the last decade; 60% of deaths were among infants aged <2 months. In response, a dose of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine was recommended for all pregnant women at ≥20 weeks of gestation. Although recent studies suggest that maternal Tdap vaccination is effective at preventing infant disease, no data have come from low- or middle-income countries, nor from ones using whole-cell pertussis vaccines for primary immunization. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control evaluation to assess the effectiveness of maternal Tdap vaccination in preventing pertussis among infants aged <2 months in Argentina. Pertussis case patients identified from September 2012 to March 2016 at 6 hospital sites and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction testing were included. Five randomly selected controls were matched to each case patient by hospital site and mother's health district. We used multivariable conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs). Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated as (1 - OR) × 100%. RESULTS: Seventy-one case patients and 300 controls were included in the analysis. Forty-nine percent of case patients and 78% of controls had mothers who were vaccinated during pregnancy. Overall Tdap VE was estimated at 80.7% (95% confidence interval, 52.1%-92.2%). We found similar VE whether Tdap was administered during the second or third trimester. CONCLUSIONS: Tdap vaccination during pregnancy is effective in preventing pertussis in infants aged <2 months in Argentina, with similar effectiveness whether administered during the second or third trimester of pregnancy.

Influenza virus: 16 years' experience of clinical epidemiologic patterns and associated infection factors in hospitalized children in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Influenza is an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (aLRTI), hospitalization, and mortality in children. This study aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiologic patterns and infection factors associated with influenza, and compare case features of influenza A and B. METHODS: In a prospective, cross-sectional study, patients admitted for aLRTI, between 2000 and 2015, were tested for respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza, or parainfluenza, and confirmed by fluorescent antibody (FA) or real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasopharyngeal aspirates. RESULTS: Of 14,044 patients, 37.7% (5290) had FA- or RT-PCR-confirmed samples that identified influenza in 2.8% (394/14,044; 91.4% [360] influenza A, 8.6% [34] influenza B) of cases. Influenza frequency followed a seasonal epidemic pattern (May-July, the lowest average temperature months). The median age of cases was 12 months (interquartile range: 6-21 months); 56.1% (221/394) of cases were male. Consolidated pneumonia was the most frequent clinical presentation (56.9%; 224/394). Roughly half (49.7%; 196/394) of all cases had previous respiratory admissions; 9.4% (37/394) were re-admissions; 61.5% (241/392) had comorbidities; 26.2% (102/389) had complications; 7.8% (30/384) had nosocomial infections. The average case fatality rate was 2.1% (8/389). Chronic neurologic disease was significantly higher in influenza B cases compared to influenza A cases (p = 0.030). The independent predictors for influenza were: age ≥6 months, odds ratio (OR): 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-2.45); p<0.001; presence of chronic neurologic disease, OR: 1.48 (95% CI: 1.01-2.17); p = 0.041; previous respiratory admissions, OR: 1.71 (95% CI: 1.36-2.14); p<0.001; re-admissions, OR: 1.71 (95% CI: 1.17-2.51); p = 0.006; clinical pneumonia, OR: 1.50 (95% CI: 1.21-1.87); p<0.001; immunodeficiency, OR: 1.87 (95% CI: 1.15-3.05); p = 0.011; cystic fibrosis, OR: 4.42 (95% CI: 1.29-15.14); p = 0.018. CONCLUSION: Influenza showed an epidemic seasonal pattern (May-July), with higher risk in children ≥6 months, or with pneumonia, previous respiratory admissions, or certain comorbidities.

Bordetella pertussis (Bp) disease: Before (2003-2011) and after (2013-2016) maternal immunization strategy in a pediatric hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Whooping cough continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants younger than 1 year. In 2012, Argentina introduced Tdap in pregnancy to prevent infant mortality. The aim of this study is to describe the impact of maternal immunization on the hospitalization and mortality rates of confirmed Bordetella pertussis (Bp) cases by comparing pre- and post-Tdap vaccine recommendation periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All PCR-confirmed Bp cases from "R. Gutierrez" Children's Hospital identified between December 2003 and December 2016 were included in. Analysis was performed comparing hospitalization rates (per 10,000 discharges) between pre-vaccination (PreV) 2003-2011 and post-vaccination (PostV) 2013-2016 time periods, excluding the intervention year (2012). RESULTS: During the study time frame, there were 1046 suspected Bp cases, of which 337 (32.2%) were confirmed. Three-hundred eight cases were analyzed (excluding year 2012): 237 in PreV and 71 in PostV. In comparison with PreV, PostV cases were older (3 vs 9 months; p < 0.001), and required less hospitalization (86.9% vs 67.6%; p < 0.001). Bp hospitalization rate (HR) decreased (22.3 vs 11.6; p < 0.001). The mortality rate in PreV 5.9% (14 cases); there were not deaths during PostV (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Confirmed cases were among infants younger than 1 year In PostV, Bp cases were older and there was a significant decrease in the hospitalization rate. There were no fatal cases in our center after the pregnancy Tdap recommendation was implemented.

Meningitis por Haemophilus influenzae b: ¿estamos ante una reemergencia? 24 años de experiencia en un hospital pediátrico / Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis: Is there a re-emergence? 24 years of experience in a children's hospital

Introducción. Haemophilus influenzae b era la principal causa de meningitis bacteriana en menores de 5 años. Después de la introducción de la vacuna al calendario (1998), se observó un descenso significativo de la incidencia, pero, en los últimos años, hubo un aumento. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir las características y analizar la curva epidémica de los casos de meningitis por Haemophilus influenzae b (MHib) comparando los períodos pre- y posvacunación. Material y métodos. Estudio de series temporales. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes internados por MHib en el Hospital de Niños "R. Gutiérrez" (enero de 1992-mayo de 2016). Se compararon las tasas de hospitalización antes (prevacunación) y después (posvacunación) de la introducción de la vacuna. Se dividió la etapa posvacunación en tres períodos similares. Resultados. Fueron admitidos 85 pacientes con MHib (73,3% prevacunación). Las características clínicas y sociodemográficas de los casos en ambos períodos no mostraron diferencias. Prevacunación: 10,5 casos/año; y posvacunación: 0,7 casos/año. A partir de 2014, se observó un aumento. Tasa de letalidad: 4,8% (todos prevacunación). Datos posvacunación (n= 15): 40% del esquema primario completo, 40% del esquema atrasado para la edad. Reducción global de la tasa hospitalaria de MHib de 89,8% (IC 95%: -82,79-93,96%; p < 0,001) en el período posvacunación. Al analizar los diferentes períodos posvacunación, se observa una caída en la reducción a lo largo del tiempo. Conclusiones. Se observó una disminución muy importante de las hospitalizaciones por MHib pos introducción de la vacuna, pero, en los últimos años, se evidenció un aumento de estos casos sin modificaciones en las características de los pacientes.

Introduction. Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) used to be the main cause of bacterial meningitis in children younger than 5 years old. Following the introduction of the Hib vaccine in the immunization schedule (1998), its incidence reduced significantly but it has increased over the last years. The objectives of this study included describing the characteristics and analyzing the epidemic curve of Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) meningitis by comparing the pre- and postimmunization periods. Material and methods. Time-series study. All patients hospitalized with Hib meningitis at Hospital de Niños "R. Gutiérrez" (January 1992-May 2016). Hospitalization rates were compared before (pre-immunization) and after (post-immunization) the introduction of the Hib vaccine. The post-immunization period was divided into three similar periods. Results. Eighty-five patients with Hib meningitis were admitted (73.3% in the pre-immunization period). No differences were observed in relation to the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of cases in both periods. Pre-immunization: 10.5 cases/year; postimmunization: 0.7 cases/year. As of 2014, the rate has increased. Lethality rate: 4.8% (all preimmunization). Post-immunization data (n= 15): 40% had completed their primary immunization schedule, 40% were delayed on the immunization schedule for their age. Overall reduction in the hospital rate of Hib meningitis by 89.8% (95% confidence interval: -82.79-93.96%, p < 0.001) in the post-immunization period. The analysis of the different post-immunization periods shows a decline in reduction over time. Conclusions. A very significant reduction in hospitalizations due to Hib meningitis was observed after the Hib vaccine was introduced; however, over the past years, the number of cases has increased although no changes have been observed in patient characteristics.

Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis: Is there a re-emergence? 24 years of experience in a children's hospital. / Meningitis por Haemophilus influenzae b: ¿estamos ante una reemergencia? 24 años de experiencia en un hospital pediátrico.

INTRODUCTION: Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) used to be the main cause of bacterial meningitis in children younger than 5 years old. Following the introduction of the Hib vaccine in the immunization schedule (1998), its incidence reduced significantly but it has increased over the last years. The objectives of this study included describing the characteristics and analyzing the epidemic curve of Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) meningitis by comparing the pre- and postimmunization periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Time-series study. All patients hospitalized with Hib meningitis at Hospital de Niños "R. Gutiérrez" (January 1992-May 2016). Hospitalization rates were compared before (pre-immunization) and after (post-immunization) the introduction of the Hib vaccine. The post-immunization period was divided into three similar periods. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients with Hib meningitis were admitted (73.3% in the pre-immunization period). No differences were observed in relation to the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of cases in both periods. Pre-immunization: 10.5 cases/year; postimmunization: 0.7 cases/year. As of 2014, the rate has increased. Lethality rate: 4.8% (all preimmunization). Post-immunization data (n= 15): 40% had completed their primary immunization schedule, 40% were delayed on the immunization schedule for their age. Overall reduction in the hospital rate of Hib meningitis by 89.8% (95% confidence interval: -82.79-93.96%, p < 0.001) in the post-immunization period. The analysis of the different post-immunization periods shows a decline in reduction over time. CONCLUSIONS: A very significant reduction in hospitalizations due to Hib meningitis was observed after the Hib vaccine was introduced; however, over the past years, the number of cases has increased although no changes have been observed in patient characteristics.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Haemophilus influenzae b era la principal causa de meningitis bacteriana en menores de 5 años. Después de la introducción de la vacuna al calendario (1998), se observó un descenso significativo de la incidencia, pero, en los últimos años, hubo un aumento. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir las características y analizar la curva epidémica de los casos de meningitis por Haemophilus influenzae b (MHib) comparando los períodos pre- y posvacunación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de series temporales. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes internados por MHib en el Hospital de Niños "R. Gutiérrez" (enero de 1992-mayo de 2016). Se compararon las tasas de hospitalización antes (prevacunación) y después (posvacunación) de la introducción de la vacuna. Se dividió la etapa posvacunación en tres períodos similares. RESULTADOS: Fueron admitidos 85 pacientes con MHib (73,3% prevacunación). Las características clínicas y sociodemográficas de los casos en ambos períodos no mostraron diferencias. Prevacunación: 10,5 casos/año; y posvacunación: 0,7 casos/año. A partir de 2014, se observó un aumento. Tasa de letalidad: 4,8% (todos prevacunación). Datos posvacunación (n= 15): 40% del esquema primario completo, 40% del esquema atrasado para la edad. Reducción global de la tasa hospitalaria de MHib de 89,8% (IC 95%: -82,79-93,96%; p < 0,001) en el período posvacunación. Al analizar los diferentes períodos posvacunación, se observa una caída en la reducción a lo largo del tiempo. CONCLUSIONES: Se observó una disminución muy importante de las hospitalizaciones por MHib pos introducción de la vacuna, pero, en los últimos años, se evidenció un aumento de estos casos sin modificaciones en las características de los pacientes.

Impact of a maternal immunization program against pertussis in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: Pertussis disease is a growing concern for developing countries. In Argentina, rates of illness and death peaked in 2011. More than 50% of fatalities due to pertussis occurred in infants younger than two months of age, too young for vaccination. In 2012, the government offered immunization with a vaccine containing Tdap to all pregnant women after 20weeks of gestation with the intent of reducing morbidity and mortality in young infants. METHODS: Maternal acellular pertussis vaccine impact on reducing infant disease burden was estimated based on data from the Argentinean Health Surveillance System. We divided Argentinean states in two groups experiencing high (>50) and low (⩽50) Tdap vaccine coverage and compared these two groups using a Bayesian structural time-series model. Low coverage regions were used as a control group, and the time series were compared before and after the implementation of the Tdap program. FINDINGS: We observed a relative reduction of 51% (95% CI [-67%, -35%]; p=0.001) in pertussis cases in high coverage states in comparison with the low coverage areas. Analysis of infants between two and six months showed a 44% (95% CI [-66%, -24%]; p=0.001) reduction in illness. Number of deaths was highest in 2011 with 76 fatalities, for an incidence rate of 2.9 per 100,000. Comparing with 2011, rates decreased by 87% to 10 subjects, or 0.9 per 100,000 in 2013. INTERPRETATION: We show an age-dependent protective effect of maternal Tdap immunization in a developing country for infants younger than six months.

Influencia de los virus respiratorios en la evaluación de la efectividad de la vacuna neumocócica de 13 serotipos en menores de 5 años: estudio de series temporales 2001-2013 / Influence of respiratory viruses on the evaluation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness in children under 5 years old: A time-series study for the 2001-2013 period

Introducción. Streptococcus pneumoniae es el principal agente de las neumonías consolidantes de causa bacteriana. En 2012, se introdujo la vacuna contra neumococo de 13 serotipos al Calendario Nacional en Argentina para niños inmunocompetentes a partir de los dos meses de edad (2 + 1). Objetivo. Analizar la influencia de los virus respiratorios en la evaluación de la efectividad de la vacuna conjugada contra el neumococo de 13 serotipos en relación con el número de hospitalizaciones por neumonías consolidantes confirmadas por radiología (NCCR). Métodos. Estudio observacional analítico de series temporales. Se incluyeron todos los niños internados con diagnóstico de NCCR según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, marzo-noviembre de 2001-2013. El diagnóstico viral (virus sincicial respiratorio, adenovirus, influenza y parainfluenza) se realizó por inmunofluorescencia indirecta de aspirados nasofaríngeos o por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa. Se desarrollaron series temporales que compararon los períodos prevacunación 20012011 y posvacunación 2012-2013. Resultados. De un total de 11 306 niños menores de 5 años con infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas, se incluyeron 4974 con NCCR. Promedio anual de internación por NCCR: 394,8 prevacunación; 315,5 posvacunación (reducción del 20,1%; IC 95% 13,13-26,49%; p <0,001). Promedio anual de internación por NCCR no viral: 255,5 prevacunación; 183 posvacunación (reducción del 28,4%; IC 95% 20,5-35,78%; p <0,001). Promedio anual de internación por NCCR viral: 139,2 prevacunación; 132 posvacunación (reducción del 4,8%; IC 95% 8,38-16,49%; p= 0,4758). La proporción de NCCR con diagnóstico viral positivo fue 35,3% prevacunación y 42% posvacunación (p= 0,001). Conclusiones. Se observó un descenso significativo de las internaciones por NCCR en forma global luego de la introducción de la vacuna contra neumococo de 13 serotipos, particularmente en aquellas de etiología no viral. Es fundamental continuar la vigilancia epidemiológica para evaluar el impacto de esta medida y el comportamiento viral en relación con las NCCR.

Introduction. S treptococcus pneumoniae is the main agent in bacterial consolidated pneumonias. In 2012, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was introduced in the Argentine national immunization schedule for immunocompetent children as of two months old with a two-dose schedule plus a booster. Objective.To analyze the influence of respiratory viruses on the evaluation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness in relation to the number of hospitalizations for radiologically-confirmed consolidated pneumonias (RCCP). Methods. Observational, analytical, time-series study. All children hospitalized with a diagnosis of RCCP as per the World Health Organization's criteria between March and November throughout the2001-2013period were included. Viral diagnosis (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza) was performed by indirect immunofluorescence using nasopharyngeal aspirates or by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Time-series were developed to compare preimmunization 2001-2011 and post-immunization 2012-2013 periods. Results. Out of a total of 11,306 children under 5 years old with acute lower respiratory tract infections, 4974 with RCCP were included. Annual average number of hospitalizations for RCCP: 394.8 pre-immunization, 315.5 post-immunization (reduction of 20.1%, 95% confidence interval --CI--: 13.13-26.49%, p < 0.001). Annual average number of hospitalizations for non-viral RCCP: 255.5 pre-immunization, 183 post-immunization (reduction of 28.4%, 95% CI: 20.5-35.78%, p < 0.001). Annual average number of hospitalizations for viral RCCP: 139.2 pre-immunization, 132 post-immunization (reduction of 4.8%, 95% CI: 8.38-16.49%, p= 0.4758). The proportion of RCCP with positive viral diagnosis was 35.3 % pre-immunization and 42% post-immunization (p= 0.001). Conclusions. An overall significant reduction in the number of hospitalizations for RCCP was observed following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, especially in the case of non-viral pneumonias. It is critical to continue with the epidemiological surveillance to evaluate the impact of this intervention and viral behavior in relation to RCCP.

Influencia de los virus respiratorios en la evaluación de la efectividad de la vacuna neumocócica de 13 serotipos en menores de 5 años: estudio de series temporales 2001-2013 / Influence of respiratory viruses on the evaluation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness in children under 5 years old: A time-series study for the 2001-2013 period

Introducción. Streptococcus pneumoniae es el principal agente de las neumonías consolidantes de causa bacteriana. En 2012, se introdujo la vacuna contra neumococo de 13 serotipos al Calendario Nacional en Argentina para niños inmunocompetentes a partir de los dos meses de edad (2 + 1). Objetivo. Analizar la influencia de los virus respiratorios en la evaluación de la efectividad de la vacuna conjugada contra el neumococo de 13 serotipos en relación con el número de hospitalizaciones por neumonías consolidantes confirmadas por radiología (NCCR). Métodos. Estudio observacional analítico de series temporales. Se incluyeron todos los niños internados con diagnóstico de NCCR según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, marzo-noviembre de 2001-2013. El diagnóstico viral (virus sincicial respiratorio, adenovirus, influenza y parainfluenza) se realizó por inmunofluorescencia indirecta de aspirados nasofaríngeos o por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa. Se desarrollaron series temporales que compararon los períodos prevacunación 20012011 y posvacunación 2012-2013. Resultados. De un total de 11 306 niños menores de 5 años con infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas, se incluyeron 4974 con NCCR. Promedio anual de internación por NCCR: 394,8 prevacunación; 315,5 posvacunación (reducción del 20,1%; IC 95% 13,13-26,49%; p <0,001). Promedio anual de internación por NCCR no viral: 255,5 prevacunación; 183 posvacunación (reducción del 28,4%; IC 95% 20,5-35,78%; p <0,001). Promedio anual de internación por NCCR viral: 139,2 prevacunación; 132 posvacunación (reducción del 4,8%; IC 95% 8,38-16,49%; p= 0,4758). La proporción de NCCR con diagnóstico viral positivo fue 35,3% prevacunación y 42% posvacunación (p= 0,001). Conclusiones. Se observó un descenso significativo de las internaciones por NCCR en forma global luego de la introducción de la vacuna contra neumococo de 13 serotipos, particularmente en aquellas de etiología no viral. Es fundamental continuar la vigilancia epidemiológica para evaluar el impacto de esta medida y el comportamiento viral en relación con las NCCR.(AU)

Introduction. S treptococcus pneumoniae is the main agent in bacterial consolidated pneumonias. In 2012, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was introduced in the Argentine national immunization schedule for immunocompetent children as of two months old with a two-dose schedule plus a booster. Objective.To analyze the influence of respiratory viruses on the evaluation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness in relation to the number of hospitalizations for radiologically-confirmed consolidated pneumonias (RCCP). Methods. Observational, analytical, time-series study. All children hospitalized with a diagnosis of RCCP as per the World Health Organizations criteria between March and November throughout the2001-2013period were included. Viral diagnosis (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza) was performed by indirect immunofluorescence using nasopharyngeal aspirates or by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Time-series were developed to compare preimmunization 2001-2011 and post-immunization 2012-2013 periods. Results. Out of a total of 11,306 children under 5 years old with acute lower respiratory tract infections, 4974 with RCCP were included. Annual average number of hospitalizations for RCCP: 394.8 pre-immunization, 315.5 post-immunization (reduction of 20.1%, 95% confidence interval |-CI-|: 13.13-26.49%, p < 0.001). Annual average number of hospitalizations for non-viral RCCP: 255.5 pre-immunization, 183 post-immunization (reduction of 28.4%, 95% CI: 20.5-35.78%, p < 0.001). Annual average number of hospitalizations for viral RCCP: 139.2 pre-immunization, 132 post-immunization (reduction of 4.8%, 95% CI: 8.38-16.49%, p= 0.4758). The proportion of RCCP with positive viral diagnosis was 35.3 % pre-immunization and 42% post-immunization (p= 0.001). Conclusions. An overall significant reduction in the number of hospitalizations for RCCP was observed following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, especially in the case of non-viral pneumonias. It is critical to continue with the epidemiological surveillance to evaluate the impact of this intervention and viral behavior in relation to RCCP.(AU)

Influence of respiratory viruses on the evaluation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness in children under 5 years old: A time-series study for the 2001-2013 period.

INTRODUCTION: S treptococcus pneumoniae is the main agent in bacterial consolidated pneumonias. In 2012, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was introduced in the Argentine national immunization schedule for immunocompetent children as of two months old with a two-dose schedule plus a booster. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of respiratory viruses on the evaluation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness in relation to the number of hospitalizations for radiologically-confirmed consolidated pneumonias (RCCP). METHODS: Observational, analytical, time-series study. All children hospitalized with a diagnosis of RCCP as per the World Health Organization's criteria between March and November throughout the2001-2013period were included. Viral diagnosis (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza) was performed by indirect immunofluorescence using nasopharyngeal aspirates or by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Time-series were developed to compare preimmunization 2001-2011 and post-immunization 2012-2013 periods. RESULTS: Out of a total of 11,306 children under 5 years old with acute lower respiratory tract infections, 4974 with RCCP were included. Annual average number of hospitalizations for RCCP: 394.8 pre-immunization, 315.5 post-immunization (reduction of 20.1%, 95% confidence interval |-CI-|: 13.13-26.49%, p < 0.001). Annual average number of hospitalizations for non-viral RCCP: 255.5 pre-immunization, 183 post-immunization (reduction of 28.4%, 95% CI: 20.5-35.78%, p < 0.001). Annual average number of hospitalizations for viral RCCP: 139.2 pre-immunization, 132 post-immunization (reduction of 4.8%, 95% CI: 8.38-16.49%, p= 0.4758). The proportion of RCCP with positive viral diagnosis was 35.3 % pre-immunization and 42% post-immunization (p= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: An overall significant reduction in the number of hospitalizations for RCCP was observed following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, especially in the case of non-viral pneumonias. It is critical to continue with the epidemiological surveillance to evaluate the impact of this intervention and viral behavior in relation to RCCP.

Virus respiratorio sincicial: Patrón clínico epidemiológico en niños internados en un hospital pediátrico durante los años 2000-2013 / Respiratory syncytial virus: Clinical and epidemiological pattern in pediatric patients admitted to a children's hospital between 2000 and 2013

Introducción. El virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS) es el principal agente asociado a infección respiratoria aguda baja en niños. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el patrón clínico-epidemiológico e identificar los factores de riesgo de infección por VRS. Población y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de cohorte de pacientes internados por infección respiratoria aguda baja en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, marzo-noviembre, 20002013. El diagnóstico viral para VRS, adenovirus, influenza y parainfluenza se realizó por inmunofluorescencia indirecta de aspirados nasofaríngeos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 12 555 niños; 38,2% (4798) presentaron rescate viral; el VRS representó el 81,8% (3924/4798) sin variaciones anuales significativas (71,2-88,1), con patrón epidémico estacional (mayo-julio); fue seguido por influenza (7,6%), parainfluenza (5,9%) y adenovirus (4,7%). Los casos con rescate de VRS (3924) tuvieron una mediana de edad de 7 meses (0-214 meses); 74,2% eran menores de 1 año; 43,1%, menores de 6 meses; 56,5%, varones; y la manifestación clínica más frecuente fue bronquiolitis (60,7%). El 41,6% tenía comorbilidades; las más frecuentes, enfermedad respiratoria crónica (74%), cardiopatías congénitas (14%) y enfermedad neurológica crónica (10,2%). El 25% presentó complicaciones. La letalidad fue 1,9% (74/3888). Los predictores independientes de infección por VRS fueron la edad < 3 meses OR 2,8 (2,14-3,67), p < 0,01 , la bronquiolitis como presentación clínica OR 1,54 (1,32-1,79), p < 0,01 y la presencia de hipoxemia al momento del ingreso OR 1,84 (1,42-2,37), p < 0,01 . Conclusiones. La infección por VRS presentó un patrón epidémico estacional y se asoció más a niños pequeños menores de tres meses con bronquiolitis e hipoxemia al momento del ingreso.

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Situación epidemiológica de coqueluche y estrategias para su control: Argentina, 2002-2011 / Epidemiological situation of pertussis and strategies to control it: Argentina, 2002-2011

Introducción. Coqueluche constituye un problema de salud pública. Objetivos: Describir la morbimortalidad y coberturas de vacunación entre 2002 y 2011, el perfil de los casos de 2011 y las estrategias de control implementadas por el Ministerio de Salud (MSN). Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de vigilancia epidemiológica. Los datos de morbilidad se tomaron del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia, y los de mortalidad, de la Dirección de Estadística e Información en Salud del MSN y de los informes oficiales de las jurisdicciones. Se utilizó la cobertura administrativa de vacunación a partir de datos provistos por las jurisdicciones al MSN. Se analizó con Epiinfo 7.1.2. Resultados. Entre 2002 y 2011, la notificación de casos de coqueluche y de fallecimientos se incrementó y alcanzó los mayores valores en 2011: tasa de 16 x 100 000 habitantes y 76 fallecidos. Las muertes ocurrieron mayoritariamente en <1 año y las coberturas nacionales de vacunación para 3ra dosis e ingreso escolar fueron >90% y para el primer refuerzo, 80-90%. En 2011, se notificaron 2821 casos confirmados (incidencia 7 x 100 000 hab.): 84% <1 año; 76 fallecidos: 97% <1 año (60,5% <2 meses). Entre las estrategias implementadas, se consolidaron 906 nodos clínicos y 405 de laboratorio; se implementaron la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa como método diagnóstico y la clasificación diferencial de los casos, y se incorporaron dosis adicionales de vacunación. Conclusiones . Entre 2002 y 2011, aumentaron los casos de coqueluche; la mayor morbimortalidad fue en <1 año, con coberturas de vacunación de 80 y 90%. . El mayor número de fallecidos por coqueluche fue en el año 2011. . El MSN fortaleció la vigilancia epidemiológica y orientó las medidas de control.

Introduction. Pertussis is a challenge for public health. Objectives: To describe pertussis-related morbidity and mortality and immunization coverage for the 2002-2011 period, profile of cases for 2011, and control strategies implemented by the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Argentina. Methods. Descriptive, epidemiological surveillance study. Morbidity data were obtained from the National Health Surveillance System, while mortality data were obtained from the MoH's Health Statistics and Information Department and official jurisdictional reports. Administrative immunization coverage was used based on the data provided by the MoH's jurisdictions. The Epi Info software, version 7.1.2, was used for analysis. Results. The number of reported cases of pertussis increased between 2002 and 2011, reaching its peak in 2011: an incidence of 16 x 100 000 inhabitants, and 76 deaths. Most deaths occurred in infants younger than 1 year old. Immunization coverage achieved at a national level with the third dose and the dose administered at the time of starting primary education was >90%, while the coverage achieved with the first booster dose was 80%-90%. In 2011, 2821 confirmed cases were reported (incidence of 7 x 100 000 inhabitants): 84% in infants <1 year old; 76 deaths: 97% in infants <1 year old (60.5% in infants <2 months old). Among the strategies that were deployed, a total of 906 clinical nodes and 405 laboratory nodes were consolidated; the use of the polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic method and the differential classification of cases were implemented, and additional vaccine doses were administered. Conclusions . The number of pertussis cases increased between2002 and 2011; the highest morbidity and mortality occurred ininfants younger than 1 year old; immunization coverage reached 80%-90%. . The highest number of pertussis-related deaths was recorded in 2011. . The MoH strengthened the epidemiological surveillance and set guidelines for control measures.

Virus respiratorio sincicial: Patrón clínico epidemiológico en niños internados en un hospital pediátrico durante los años 2000-2013 / Respiratory syncytial virus: Clinical and epidemiological pattern in pediatric patients admitted to a childrens hospital between 2000 and 2013

Introducción. El virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS) es el principal agente asociado a infección respiratoria aguda baja en niños. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el patrón clínico-epidemiológico e identificar los factores de riesgo de infección por VRS. Población y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de cohorte de pacientes internados por infección respiratoria aguda baja en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, marzo-noviembre, 20002013. El diagnóstico viral para VRS, adenovirus, influenza y parainfluenza se realizó por inmunofluorescencia indirecta de aspirados nasofaríngeos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 12 555 niños; 38,2% (4798) presentaron rescate viral; el VRS representó el 81,8% (3924/4798) sin variaciones anuales significativas (71,2-88,1), con patrón epidémico estacional (mayo-julio); fue seguido por influenza (7,6%), parainfluenza (5,9%) y adenovirus (4,7%). Los casos con rescate de VRS (3924) tuvieron una mediana de edad de 7 meses (0-214 meses); 74,2% eran menores de 1 año; 43,1%, menores de 6 meses; 56,5%, varones; y la manifestación clínica más frecuente fue bronquiolitis (60,7%). El 41,6% tenía comorbilidades; las más frecuentes, enfermedad respiratoria crónica (74%), cardiopatías congénitas (14%) y enfermedad neurológica crónica (10,2%). El 25% presentó complicaciones. La letalidad fue 1,9% (74/3888). Los predictores independientes de infección por VRS fueron la edad < 3 meses OR 2,8 (2,14-3,67), p < 0,01 , la bronquiolitis como presentación clínica OR 1,54 (1,32-1,79), p < 0,01 y la presencia de hipoxemia al momento del ingreso OR 1,84 (1,42-2,37), p < 0,01 . Conclusiones. La infección por VRS presentó un patrón epidémico estacional y se asoció más a niños pequeños menores de tres meses con bronquiolitis e hipoxemia al momento del ingreso.(AU)

.(AU)

Situación epidemiológica de coqueluche y estrategias para su control: Argentina, 2002-2011 / Epidemiological situation of pertussis and strategies to control it: Argentina, 2002-2011

Introducción. Coqueluche constituye un problema de salud pública. Objetivos: Describir la morbimortalidad y coberturas de vacunación entre 2002 y 2011, el perfil de los casos de 2011 y las estrategias de control implementadas por el Ministerio de Salud (MSN). Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de vigilancia epidemiológica. Los datos de morbilidad se tomaron del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia, y los de mortalidad, de la Dirección de Estadística e Información en Salud del MSN y de los informes oficiales de las jurisdicciones. Se utilizó la cobertura administrativa de vacunación a partir de datos provistos por las jurisdicciones al MSN. Se analizó con Epiinfo 7.1.2. Resultados. Entre 2002 y 2011, la notificación de casos de coqueluche y de fallecimientos se incrementó y alcanzó los mayores valores en 2011: tasa de 16 x 100 000 habitantes y 76 fallecidos. Las muertes ocurrieron mayoritariamente en <1 año y las coberturas nacionales de vacunación para 3ra dosis e ingreso escolar fueron >90% y para el primer refuerzo, 80-90%. En 2011, se notificaron 2821 casos confirmados (incidencia 7 x 100 000 hab.): 84% <1 año; 76 fallecidos: 97% <1 año (60,5% <2 meses). Entre las estrategias implementadas, se consolidaron 906 nodos clínicos y 405 de laboratorio; se implementaron la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa como método diagnóstico y la clasificación diferencial de los casos, y se incorporaron dosis adicionales de vacunación. Conclusiones . Entre 2002 y 2011, aumentaron los casos de coqueluche; la mayor morbimortalidad fue en <1 año, con coberturas de vacunación de 80 y 90%. . El mayor número de fallecidos por coqueluche fue en el año 2011. . El MSN fortaleció la vigilancia epidemiológica y orientó las medidas de control.(AU)

Introduction. Pertussis is a challenge for public health. Objectives: To describe pertussis-related morbidity and mortality and immunization coverage for the 2002-2011 period, profile of cases for 2011, and control strategies implemented by the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Argentina. Methods. Descriptive, epidemiological surveillance study. Morbidity data were obtained from the National Health Surveillance System, while mortality data were obtained from the MoHs Health Statistics and Information Department and official jurisdictional reports. Administrative immunization coverage was used based on the data provided by the MoHs jurisdictions. The Epi Info software, version 7.1.2, was used for analysis. Results. The number of reported cases of pertussis increased between 2002 and 2011, reaching its peak in 2011: an incidence of 16 x 100 000 inhabitants, and 76 deaths. Most deaths occurred in infants younger than 1 year old. Immunization coverage achieved at a national level with the third dose and the dose administered at the time of starting primary education was >90%, while the coverage achieved with the first booster dose was 80%-90%. In 2011, 2821 confirmed cases were reported (incidence of 7 x 100 000 inhabitants): 84% in infants <1 year old; 76 deaths: 97% in infants <1 year old (60.5% in infants <2 months old). Among the strategies that were deployed, a total of 906 clinical nodes and 405 laboratory nodes were consolidated; the use of the polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic method and the differential classification of cases were implemented, and additional vaccine doses were administered. Conclusions . The number of pertussis cases increased between2002 and 2011; the highest morbidity and mortality occurred ininfants younger than 1 year old; immunization coverage reached 80%-90%. . The highest number of pertussis-related deaths was recorded in 2011. . The MoH strengthened the epidemiological surveillance and set guidelines for control measures.(AU)

Respiratory syncytial virus: clinical and epidemiological pattern in pediatric patients admitted to a children's hospital between 2000 and 2013.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major causative organism associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children.The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological pattern of RSV and identify risk factors for RSV infection. POPULATION AND METHODS: Prospective, cohort study on patients hospitalized due to acute lower respiratory tract infection at Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez between March and November throughout the 2000-2013 period. The virological diagnosis of RSV, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza was performed by indirect immunofluorescence using nasopharyngeal aspirates. RESULTS: A total of 12,555 children were included, 38.2% (4798) had virus rescued from samples. RSV accounted for 81.8% of cases (3924/4798) with no significant annual variations (71.2- 88.1) and with an epidemic seasonal pattern(May through July); RSV was followed by influenza (7.6%), parainfluenza (5.9%), and adenovirus (4.7%).The median age of patients with RSV rescue (3924) was 7 months old (0- 214 months old), while 74.2% were younger than 1 year old, 43.1% were younger than 6 months old, 56.5% were males and the most common clinical presentation was bronchiolitis (60.7%). Comorbidities were observed in 41.6% of cases. The most common comorbidities were chronic respiratory disease (74%), congenital heart disease (14%), and chronic neurological disease (10.2%).Complications occurred in 25%of cases. The case fatality rate was 1.9% (74/3888). Independent predictors of RSV infection were age <3 months old (OR: 2.8 [2.14-3.67], p < 0.01),clinical presentation of bronchiolitis (OR: 1.54 [1.32-1.79], p < 0.01), and hypoxemia at the time of admission (OR: 1.84 [1.42-2.37], p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: RSV infection displayed a seasonal pattern and was associated with infants younger than 3 months old with bronchiolitis and hypoxemia at the time of admission.

Epidemiological situation of pertussis and strategies to control it: Argentina, 2002-2011.

INTRODUCTION: Pertussis is a challenge for public health. OBJECTIVES: To describe pertussis-related morbidity and mortality and immunization coverage for the 2002-2011 period, profile of cases for 2011, and control strategies implemented by the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Argentina. METHODS: Descriptive, epidemiological surveillance study. Morbidity data were obtained from the National Health Surveillance System, while mortality data were obtained from the MoH's Health Statistics and Information Department and official jurisdictional reports. Administrative immunization coverage was used based on the data provided by the MoH's jurisdictions. The Epi Info software, version 7.1.2, was used for analysis. RESULTS: The number of reported cases of pertussis increased between 2002 and 2011, reaching its peak in 2011: an incidence of 16 x 100 000 inhabitants, and 76 deaths. Most deaths occurred in infants younger than 1 year old. Immunization coverage achieved at a national level with the third dose and the dose administered at the time of starting primary education was >90%, while the coverage achieved with the first booster dose was 80%-90%. In 2011, 2821 confirmed cases were reported (incidence of 7 x 100 000 inhabitants): 84% in infants <1 year old; 76 deaths: 97% in infants <1 year old (60.5% in infants <2 months old). Among the strategies that were deployed, a total of 906 clinical nodes and 405 laboratory nodes were consolidated; the use of the polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic method and the differential classification of cases were implemented, and additional vaccine doses were administered. CONCLUSIONS: The number of pertussis cases increased between 2002 and 2011; the highest morbidity and mortality occurred in infants younger than 1 year old; immunization coverage reached 80%-90%. . The highest number of pertussis-related deaths was recorded in 2011. The MoH strengthened the epidemiological surveillance and set guidelines for control measures.

Epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis in a children's hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Pertussis or whooping cough continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants younger than 1 year old. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of Bordetella pertussis and to analyze the factors associated with confirmation by PCR and case fatality rate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, cohort study conducted between December 2003 and December 2011. The study included children seen at the Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez suspected of pertussis. The factors associated with confirmation by PCR and the case fatality rate by relative risk (RR) with a 95% confidence interval were studied. RESULTS: Six hundred and twenty patients with a 38% of positive cases (236/620) were included, 3 cases were confirmed by epidemiological link. Confirmed cases (239) showed a seasonal pattern from September through February, a median age of 3 months old, and 89% had received less than three vaccine doses. Eighty six percent of patients were hospitalized: their median length of stay was 7 days. A total of 99% of patients were eu-trophic, 98% were immunocompetent and 17.5% required intensive care. The clinical presentation was analyzed in 480 patients. Of them, 38% (184) had a positive PCR result and their symptoms were: 96.2%, cough; 76.5%, paroxysmal cough; 57.9% cyanosis; 55.7%, respiratory distress; 29%, fever; 22.4%, apnea; 21.9%, vomiting after coughing. A multivariate analysis identified the following as independent predictors associated with confirmation of pertussis by PCR: paroxysmal cough (OR 2.52: 1.50-4.22; p= 0.000) and leukocytosis upon admission >20 000 white blood cells/mm3 (OR 7.96: 4.82-13.17; p= 0.000); having developed fever reduced the chance of having a positive PCR result (OR 0.47: 0.29-0.77; p= 0.003). The case fatality rate for hospitalized patients was 6.8%. Leukocytosis >30 000 white blood cells/mm3 was a predictor of fatality (RR 6.7: 1.88-23.9; p= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Confirmed cases were mostly infants younger than 1 year old who were healthy before and who had not completed their primary immunization schedule. Paroxysmal cough and leukocytosis were associated with PCR diagnosis, while leukocytosis was a predictor of mortality.

Epidemiología de Bordetella pertussis en un hospital pediátrico / Epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis in a children's hospital

Introducción. La tos ferina o coqueluche continúa siendo una importante causa de morbimortalidad en los menores de un año. Objetivos. Describir el perfil clínico-epidemiológico de Bordetella pertussis, y analizar los factores asociados a la confrmación por PCR y la letalidad. Materiales y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de cohorte realizado entre diciembre de 2003 y diciembre de 2011. Se incluyeron niños asistidos en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez con sospecha de padecer la enfermedad. Se estudiaron los factores asociados a confrmación por PCR y letalidad mediante riesgo relativo (RR) con intervalo del 95%. Resultados. Se incluyeron 620 pacientes con una positividad del 38% (236/620), 3 casos se confrmaron por nexo. Los confrmados (239) presentaron un patrón estacional de septiembre a febrero, una mediana de edad de 3 meses, y 89%, menos de tres dosis de vacuna. El 86% se internaron: la mediana de estadía fue de 7 días. Un 99% de los pacientes eran eutrófcos, 98% inmunocompetentes y 17,5% requirieron cuidados intensivos. Se analizó la clínica en 480 pacientes. El 38% (184) tuvieron PCR positiva y presentaron: 96,2% tos, 76,5% tos paroxística, 57,9% cianosis, 55,7% difcultad respiratoria, 29% febre, 22,4% apnea, 21,9% vómitos postusígenos. El análisis multivariado identifcó, como predictores independientes asociados a la confrmación de coqueluche por PCR: tos paroxística (OR 2,52: 1,50 a 4,22; p= 0,000) y leucocitosis al ingre s a r ≥20 000 glóbulos blancos/ mm³ (OR 7,96: 4,82 a 13,17; p= 0,000); haber presentado febre disminuyó la probabilidad de obtener un resultado de PCR positivo (OR 0,47: 0,29 a 0,77; p = 0,003). La letalidad en los pacientes internados fue de 6,8%. Una leucocitosis ≥ 30 000 glóbulos blancos/mm³ fue un predictor de letalidad (RR 6,7: 1,88 a 23,9; p= 0,001). Conclusiones. Los casos confirmados correspondieron, en su mayoría, a menores de un año antes sanos y que no habían completado el esquema de vacunación primario. La tos paroxística y la leucocitosis se asociaron al diagnóstico por PCR, mientras que la leucocitosis fue un predictor de mortalidad.

Introduction. Pertussis or whooping cough continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants younger than 1 year old. Objectives. To describe the clinical and epidemiological profle of Bordetella pertussis and to analyze the factors associated with confrmation by PCR and case fatality rate. Material and Methods. Prospective, cohort study conducted between December 2003 and December 2011. The study included children seen at the Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez suspected of pertussis. The factors associated with confrmation by PCR and the case fatality rate by relative risk (RR) with a 95% confdence interval were studied. Results. Six hundred and twenty patients with a 38% of positive cases (236/620) were included, 3 cases were confrmed by epidemiological link. Confrmed cases (239) showed a seasonal pattern from September through February, a median age of 3 months old, and 89% had received less than three vaccine doses. Eighty six percent of patients were hospitalized: their median length of stay was 7 days. A total of 99% of patients were eu-trophic, 98% were immunocompetent and 17.5% required intensive care. The clinical presentation was analyzed in 480 patients. Of them, 38% (184) had a positive PCR result and their symptoms were: 96.2%, cough; 76.5%, paroxysmal cough; 57.9% cyanosis; 55.7%, respiratory distress; 29%, fever; 22.4%, apnea; 21.9%, vomiting after coughing. A multivariate analysis identifed the following as independent predictors associated with confrmation of pertussis by PCR: paroxysmal cough (OR 2.52: 1.50-4.22; p= 0.000) and leu-kocytosis upon admission >20 000 white blood cells/mm³ (OR 7.96: 4.82-13.17; p= 0.000); having developed fever reduced the chance of having a positive PCR result (OR 0.47: 0.29-0.77; p= 0.003). The case fatality rate for hospitalized patients was 6.8%. Leukocytosis >30 000 white blood cells/mm3 was a predictor of fatality (RR 6.7: 1.88-23.9; p= 0.001). Conclusions. Confrmed cases were mostly infants younger than 1 year old who were healthy before and who had not completed their primary immunization schedule. Paroxysmal cough and leukocytosis were associated with PCR diagnosis, while leukocytosis was a predictor of mortality.